SIGMUND FREUD (1856 - 1939)

He was originally born in Czechoslovakia, and at an early age moved to Vienna with his parents. Seeing his studious bent, his parents sacrificed their lifestyle to send him to the University there. He later started his own medical practice in that city, treating patients for symptoms which were not seen as organic or physical. He believed that the answers lay in the person's subconscious and that by talking through aspects of their problems, the original trauma would reveal itself. This type of therapy was the famous FREE ASSOCIATION, but then he discovered that he gained much better results by focussing on his patients dreams and associated images. Although this method for getting in-depth with the persons feelings about dream symbols is still valid today, in Freud's time it was highly controversial. He applied his methods on himself.....probably where the term SELF ANALYSIS originated. He concluded from his research that all the symbols appearing in dreams were a resultant of the persons unfulfilled desires. This was usually attributed to sexual desire, especially with adults. Sexual urges are so repugnant to the psyche, Freud believed, that a mental cursor, which he called the SUPEREGO, was on the alert to control them. But these sexual urges were not that easy to suppress, and hence they could change their form symbolically to manifest in other ways. Unfortunately, the sex theme predominated so much that Freud could attribute it to virtually any situation, and he was criticized for this one-eyed approach. Even so, he did not always do this, a train symbol standing for "death" being an instance. He believed that everything seen in a dream means something more than the obvious, and that the analyst must scrutinize each symbol intensely to discover its real roots. The MANIFEST content must give way to the LATENT which is always hidden. In 1899 he published his famous book "THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS", a hallmark of his philosophy.

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